Multiple Reflection Symmetry Detection via Linear-Directional Kernel Density Estimation

Symmetry is an important composition feature by investigating similar sides inside an image plane. It has a crucial effect to recognize man-made or nature objects within the universe. Recent symmetry detection approaches used a smoothing kernel over different voting maps in the polar coordinate system to detect symmetry peaks, which split the regions of symmetry axis candidates in inefficient way. We propose a reliable voting representation based on weighted linear-directional kernel density estimation, to detect multiple symmetries over challenging real-world and synthetic images. Experimental evaluation on two public datasets demonstrates the superior performance of the proposed algorithm to detect global symmetry axes respect to the major image shapes

The Early Proterozoic Matachewan Large Igneous Province: Geochemistry, Petrogenesis, and Implications for Earth Evolution

The Matachewan Large Igneous Province (LIP) is interpreted to have formed during the early stages of mantle plume-induced continental break-up in the early Proterozoic. When the Matachewan LIP is reconstructed to its original configuration with units from the Superior Craton and other formerly adjacent blocks (Karelia, Kola, Wyoming and Hearne), the dyke swarms, layered intrusions and flood basalts, emplaced over the lifetime of the province, form one of the most extensive magmatic provinces recognized in the geological record. New geochemical data allow, for the first time, the Matachewan LIP to be considered as a single, coherent entity and show that Matachewan LIP rocks share a common tholeiitic composition and trace element geochemistry, characterized by enrichment in the most incompatible elements and depletion in the less incompatible elements. This signature, ubiquitous in early Proterozoic continental magmatic rocks, may indicate that the Matachewan LIP formed through contamination of the primary magmas with litho-spheric material or that the early Proterozoic mantle had a fundamentally different composition from the modern mantle. In addition to the radiating geometry of the dyke swarms, a plume origin for the Matachewan LIP is consistent with the geochemistry of some of the suites; these suites are used to constrain a source mantle potential temperature of c. 1500-1550 degrees C. Comparison of these mantle potential temperatures with estimated temperatures for the early Proterozoic upper mantle indicates that they are consistent with a hot mantle plume source for the magmatism. Geochemical data from coeval intrusions suggest that the plume head was compositionally heterogeneous and sampled material from both depleted and enriched mantle. As has been documented with less ancient but similarly vast LIPs, the emplacement of the Matachewan LIP probably had a significant impact on the early Proterozoic global environment. Compilation of the best age estimates for various suites shows that the emplacement of the Matachewan LIP occurred synchronously with the Great Oxidation Event. We explore the potential for the eruption of this LIP and the emission of its associated volcanic gases to have been a driver of the irreversible oxygenation of the Earth

Mineralogical evidence for an ophiolite from the Outokumpu serpentinites in North Karelia, Finland

The serpentinites of the Outokumpu complex located in the early Proterozoic schist belt of North Karelia in Eastern Finland are investigated petrographically, mineralogically and chemically, with an emphasis on relict minerals, especially chrome spinel, and also olivine and orthopyroxene. The relict minerals and textures provide evidence for an ophiolite of the Alpine type in the complex, and for the opinion that the serpentinites have originated from residual mantle peridotites and overlying olivine cumulates. The mantle peridotites, being serpentinized to chrysotile rocks, contain relicts of olivine (Fo91‒93), orthopyroxene (100*Mg/ (Mg + Fe) = 92‒94) and anhedral, euhedral or interstitial Cr-rich chrome spinel (Cr/(Cr +Al) 0.75‒0.98 and Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) 0.1‒0.4), while the cumulates have been serpentinized completely to antigorite rocks, being characterized by euhedral Al-rich chrome spinel (Cr/(Cr + AI) 0.65 and Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) 0.6)

SIMS zircon ages and Nd isotope systematics of the 2.2 Ga mafic intrusions in northern and eastern Finland

Using the SIMS, ID-TIMS and Sm-Nd isotopic methods and the electron microprobe, we have studied several differentiated mafic intrusions of the c. 2.2 Ga gabbro-wehrlite association (GWA) from four Paleoproterozoic schist belts and the Archean Kuhmo Greenstone Belt. Back-scattered electron images and electron microprobe analyses revealed that zircon crystals vary from well-preserved to turbid and highly altered with individual grains often displaying irregular, hydrated, CaO-bearing domains. In the most pristine domains, suitable for establishing the crystallization ages, SIMS 207Pb/206Pb ages fall in the range of 2210–2220 Ma, which is consistent with the most concordant ID-TIMS U-Pb ages. One of the studied intrusions that had previously yielded a conventional U-Pb date of less than 2.0 Ga, could be shown by spot analysis to belong to the 2.2 Ga family. In contrast to the well-preserved zircon domains, altered domains exhibit a variable and often strong U-Pb discordance up to 70 % and have distinctly lower 207Pb/206Pb ages. Some zircon grains record isotopic resetting at the time of the Svecofennian orogeny (ca. 1.8–1.9 Ga), while the most discordant ones project in the concordia diagram to late Paleozoic lower intercept ages indicating a relative recent Pb loss. The mineral chemistry of zircon suggests that the leakage of radiogenic Pb can be ascribed to an open-system behavior related to hydrothermal alteration via action of CaCl2-bearing fluids. Common albitization of plagioclase in the GWA intrusions has caused this mineral to behave as an open system with regard to the Sm-Nd isotopic systematics. Despite this uncertainty, our Nd isotopic data indicate that the magma that produced the GWA intrusions in various parts of northern and eastern Finland was isotopically homogeneous and had an initial εNd(2220 Ma) value of c. +0.6 precluding significant upper crustal contamination upon emplacement and subsequent fractional crystallization

Paleomagnetic and geochronological studies on Paleoproterozoic diabase dykes of Karelia, East Finland-Key for testing the Superia supercraton

Paleomagnetic results are presented for two Paleoproterozoic mafic dykes in the Taivalkoski area in northern Karelia Province of the Fennoscandian shield where, based on K-Ar data, the crust has seen minimal effects of the otherwise pervasive 1.8-1.9 Ga Svecofennian orogeny. Within this study a new U-Pb baddeleyite age of 2339 +/- 18 Ma has been determined for one of the E-W trending dykes (dyke AD13). The paleomagnetic results show that a strong Svecofennian overprinting is pervasive in the area. Upon thermal or AF demagnetization four remanence directions were obtained. Most typical are the secondary Svecofennian remanence direction A (intermediate down to the NNW) and remanence direction B (intermediate down to the NNE). Component D (D = 115.4 degrees, 1=50.5 degrees, alpha(95) =2.6 degrees) yielding a virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) D (Plat= -19.5 degrees N, Plon= 263.3 degrees, A95 = 3.1 degrees) is obtained from baked rocks for dyke WD, and based on a positive baked contact test is interpreted to represent the primary magnetization dating from about 2.4 Ga. Dyke AD13 carries only secondary A and B components, its unbaked host migmatites carry reversed A (A(R)) component, and the baked host rock carries a component D' (D = 134.5 degrees, 1= -7.3 degrees, alpha(95) = 8.8 degrees), which yields a VGP pole D' (Plat= -20.4 degrees N, Plon = 257.3 degrees, A(95) = 7.6 degrees), possibly representing magnetization at 2.3 Ga. The new paleomagnetic data from the Karelia Province compared to similar-aged paleomagnetic data from the Superior Province does not support the recently proposed Superia configuration, based upon dyke swarm trajectories. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Associations of sagittal malocclusions with dental arch characteristics and crowding in Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966

Abstract Objective: To analyse the associations between the widths and forms of dental arches, malocclusions and crowding in middle-aged adult population. Materials and Methods: The study material is part of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966); the subjects were examined at the age of 46 years. A total of 781 adults with full dentition and no orthodontic treatment history were included. Overjet, overbite, cross-bite and scissor bite were examined during clinical examination. The widths and forms of dental arches, molar relationships and crowding were measured using three-dimensional (3D) dental models. Results: Dental arches were significantly larger in males than in females. Class II (CII) occlusion and increased overjet (≥6 mm) were associated with narrow maxilla (P < .001, P < .05 respectively). Subjects with lateral cross-bite had significantly narrower maxilla and wider mandible (P < .05) than subjects with normal lateral occlusion. In subjects with CII occlusion, square or tapered maxilla and tapered or ovoid mandible were significantly more frequent compared to subjects with Class I (CI) occlusion (P < .05). CII occlusion was significantly associated with crowding in the maxilla (P < .01). Conclusions: Narrow and tapered-shaped maxilla was related to CII occlusion, which was associated with dental crowding in the maxilla. Malocclusions were more likely to be found together with other malocclusions than alone

Craniofacial characteristics and cosmetic satisfaction of patients with sagittal and metopic synostosis:a case–control study using 3D photogrammetric imaging

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the craniofacial and aesthetic characteristics of adult metopic and sagittal craniosynostosis patients operated on in early childhood compared to controls. The goal was to find objective measurements that would correlate with the patient’s subjective self-evaluation of their own cosmetic appearance. Methods: The study population consisted of 49 patients from whom 41 had premature fusion of the sagittal and in 8 of metopic suture. There were 65 age and gender matching controls from The Finish National Register. The 3D photogrammetric models were created from all patients and controls. The images were analysed using Rapidform 2006. Facial landmarks were set by the standard Farkas points. Facial symmetry parameters were calculated by using the landmarks and the mirror shell of the face. Aesthetic evaluation was done from standard photographs using panels. Subjective satisfaction with one’s own appearance was evaluated using questionnaires. Results: Patients had the greatest asymmetry in the forehead area when compared to controls (symmetry percentage 59% versus 66%, p = 0.013). In the control group, the gap between the eyes was smaller than in the case group, resulting in an absolute 2 mm difference (p = 0.003). The area of the chin and the landmarks were more located on the left side in the patient group, resulting in up to a 1.1 mm difference between the groups (p = 0.003). Only a weak association was found between craniofacial symmetry and appearance evaluations. Conclusions: Patients operated on because of sagittal and metopic synostoses were found to have facial asymmetry at long follow-up. However, the differences were < 3 mm and not clinically important. The long-term aesthetical outcome of the surgery performed because of sagittal or metopic craniosynostosis based on the 3D image evaluation was good

Occlusal characteristics and oral health-related quality of life in adults operated due to sagittal synostosis in childhood:a case–control study with 26 years of follow-up

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this case–control study was to investigate occlusal characteristics, received orthodontic treatment, oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), and satisfaction with dental esthetics in adults operated due to sagittal synostosis. Methods: The study group consisted of 40 adults (25 males, 15 females, mean age 27.4 years, range 18–41) who were operated due to isolated sagittal synostosis in childhood. The control group comprised 40 age and gender-matched adults. Occlusal characteristics were evaluated clinically during study visits. Information on the previous orthodontic treatment was collected from dental records. OHRQoL was measured using the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), and satisfaction with dental esthetics was evaluated using a visual analogue scale. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the patient group and the controls in malocclusion traits (overjet, overbite, molar relationships, crossbite, scissor bite), previous orthodontic treatment, pre-treatment malocclusion diagnoses, OHIP variables, or satisfaction with dental esthetics. However, there was a tendency toward increased overjet and overbite in scaphocephalic patients. Conclusions: It seems that adults with scaphocephaly operated in childhood do not differ from the average population in terms of occlusion, received orthodontic treatment, or oral health-related well-being